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 http://www.seoulpost.co.kr/news/35384
[À̽´] ´º¿åŸÀÓ½º 1¸é, Çѱ¹ÀÌ ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» °ð ÃàÃâÇÏ°Ô µÉ ÀÌÀ¯
 ¿Â¶óÀÎÆÀ (¹ßÇàÀÏ: 2017/01/04 20:43:43)

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As Scandal Roils South Korea, Fingers Point to Mixing of Politics and Business

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By CHOE SANG-HUN and MOTOKO RICH
JAN. 2, 2017

A supporter of South Korea¡¯s president, Park Geun-hye, in Seoul last month. A scandal has focused public scrutiny on the power of the presidency and its symbiotic relationship with family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung. Credit Kim Hong-Ji/Reuters
Áö³­´Þ ¼­¿ï¿¡¼­ ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·É ÁöÁöÀÚ. ½ºÄµµéÀº ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ±Ç·Â°ú »ï¼º °°Àº °¡Á· °æ¿µ ´ë±â¾÷ÀÎ Àç¹ú»çµé°ú ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ °¡Áø °ø»ýÀû °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÁßÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁýÁß½ÃÄ×´Ù.

SEOUL, South Korea — Jay Y. Lee, the heir apparent to the Samsung empire, was trying to push through a corporate merger seen as critical to his plans to succeed his father as chairman.

Çѱ¹ ¼­¿ï – »ï¼º Á¦±¹ÀÇ ÈÄ°èÀÚÀÎ ÀÌÀç¿ëÀº ±â¾÷ ȸÀåÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¹öÁö¸¦ ½Â°èÇÒ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °èȹ¿¡ À־ ¾ÆÁÖ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ±â¾÷ ÇÕº´À» ÀÌ·ï³»°íÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

For months, key shareholders fought the move. Then, suddenly, the standoff broke as South Korea¡¯s government-controlled pension fund, which held the shares to cast the deciding vote, endorsed Mr. Lee¡¯s deal.

¼ö°³¿ù µ¿¾È ´ëÁÖÁÖµéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ µ¹¿¬È÷ °áÁ¤Ç¥¸¦ ´øÁú ¸¸Å­ÀÇ ÁÖ½ÄÀ» º¸À¯ÇÑ Çѱ¹ ±¹¹Î¿¬±ÝÀÌ ÀÌÀç¿ë ¾¾ÀÇ °èȹ¿¡ Âù¼ºÇϸç ÀÌ ±³Âø »óŸ¦ ±úÆ®·È´Ù.

A week later, President Park Geun-hye invited Mr. Lee to her office and asked for Samsung¡¯s help with a campaign to promote South Korean culture and sports. Within months, Samsung had donated $17.4 million to two foundations controlled by the president¡¯s confidante, Choi Soon-sil, and $6.2 million for the training of Korean equestrians, including Ms. Choi¡¯s daughter.

ÀÏÁÖÀÏ ÈÄ ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÀÌÀç¿ëÀ» û¿Í´ë·Î ºÒ·¯ Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¹®È­¿Í ½ºÆ÷Ã÷¸¦ ÁõÁø½ÃÅ°´Â Ä·ÆäÀο¡ »ï¼ºÀÌ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ» ¿äûÇß´Ù. ¸î ´Þ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Æ »ï¼ºÀº ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ Ä£±¸ ÃÖ¼ø½ÇÀÌ ¿î¿µÇÏ´ø µÎ Àç´Ü¿¡ 1,740¸¸ ´Þ·¯¸¦, ±×¸®°í ÃÖ ¾¾ÀÇ µþÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Çѱ¹ ½Â¸¶¼±¼öµéÀÇ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» À§ÇØ 620¸¸ ´Þ·¯¸¦ ±âºÎÇß´Ù.

Those donations — and whether they were part of a quid pro quo — are now at the heart of the impeachment case against Ms. Park. The nation¡¯s full Constitutional Court will begin formal hearings on Tuesday into the case, the biggest influence-peddling scandal in South Korea¡¯s history.

ÀÌ ±âºÎ±Ý, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ±âºÎ±ÝÀÌ ´ë°¡¼ºÀ̾ú´ÂÁöÀÇ ¿©ºÎ°¡ ÇöÀç ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ÅºÇÙ ½ÉÆÇÀÇ Çٽɿ¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ Çå¹ýÀçÆǼҴ Çѱ¹ ¿ª»ç»ó °¡Àå Å« Á÷±Ç³²¿ë ½ºÄµµéÀÎ ÀÌ »ç¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ½É¸®¸¦ È­¿äÀÏ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù.

The court has never before ousted a president, though seven of the last eight have left office tainted by allegations of corruption. Whatever the court decides, the Park scandal has already put recurring collusion between big business and government in South Korea under intense scrutiny and could reshape the nation¡¯s flawed, young democracy.

Áö³­ 8¸íÀÇ ´ëÅë·É Áß 7¸íÀÌ ºÎÆÐ ÇøÀÇ·Î ºÒ¸í¿¹¸¦ ¾È°í Àӱ⸦ ¸¶Ä¡±ä ÇßÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷ Çå¹ýÀçÆǼҰ¡ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» ÆĸéÇÑ Àü·Ê´Â ¾ø´Ù. Çå¹ýÀçÆǼҰ¡ ¾î¶² ÆÇ°áÀ» ³»¸®µçÁö, ¹Ú±ÙÇý ½ºÄµµéÀº Çѱ¹ »çȸ¿¡ °è¼ÓµÇ¾î ¿Â Á¤°æÀ¯Âø¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì °­·ÄÇÑ ´ëÁßÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÌ ½ñ¾ÆÁöµµ·Ï ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ªÀº ¿ª»çÀÇ ¼Õ»óµÈ ÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ »õ·Ó°Ô º¯È­½Ãų ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¡°We created a miracle on the streets,¡± said You Jong-il, a professor of macroeconomics and development policy in Sejong City, referring to huge, peaceful street protests demanding Ms. Park¡¯s resignation. ¡°But we are still very worried about whether we will really be able to change Korean society and Korean politics.¡±

¡°¿ì¸®´Â ±æ¿¡¼­ ±âÀûÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³Â´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¼¼Á¾½Ã¿¡¼­ °Å½Ã°æÁ¦¿Í °³¹ßÁ¤Ã¥À» °¡¸£Ä¡´Â À¯Á¾ÀÏ ±³¼ö´Â ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ÇϾ߸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÆòÈ­ÀûÀÎ °Å¸® ½ÃÀ§¿¡ °üÇØ ¸»Çß´Ù. ¡°±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Çѱ¹ »çȸ¿Í Çѱ¹ Á¤Ä¡¸¦ Á¤¸» ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö °ÆÁ¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±

Public outrage — initially aimed at the influence that Ms. Choi, the daughter of a religious sect leader, appeared to exercise over the Park administration — has turned to broader concerns about the political system: the power of the presidency, and its symbiotic relationship with the chaebol, the family-controlled conglomerates like Samsung that dominate the economy.

»çÀ̺ñ Á¾±³ Áý´Ü ÁöµµÀÚÀÇ µþÀÎ ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ ¹Ú±ÙÇý ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ Çà»çÇÑ µí º¸ÀÌ´Â ¿µÇâ·Â¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾ú´ø ´ëÁßÀÇ ºÐ³ë´Â Á¤Ä¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿°·Á·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù. Áï ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ, ±¹°¡ÀÇ °æÁ¦¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »ï¼º °°Àº °¡Á· °æ¿µ ´ë±â¾÷ÀÎ Àç¹ú°ú ¸Î°í ÀÖ´Â °ø»ý°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿°·ÁÀÌ´Ù.

¡°Chaebol are accomplices!¡± protesters have chanted, carrying effigies of their leaders dressed in blue prison uniforms. Damning new details emerge with every week.

½ÃÀ§ÀÚµéÀº ÆĶõ Á˼öº¹À» ÀÔÀº ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðÇüÀ» µé°í, ¡°Àç¹úµµ °ø¹üÀÌ´Ù!¡±°í ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù. ºÐ³ë¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â »õ·Î¿î »ç½ÇµéÀÌ ¸ÅÁÖ µå·¯³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Prosecutors allege that Ms. Choi conspired with Ms. Park to force 53 companies to donate more than $69 million to the two foundations under Ms. Choi¡¯s control. The National Assembly went further in its impeachment motion, describing the donations as bribes personally benefiting Ms. Choi and paid in return for favors for the companies, ranging from lucrative licenses to presidential pardons.

°ËÂûÀº ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·É°ú °ø¸ðÇØ ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â 2°³ÀÇ Àç´Ü¿¡ 6,900¸¸ ´Þ·¯ ÀÌ»óÀ» ±âºÎÇϵµ·Ï 53°³ÀÇ ±â¾÷À» °­¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹È¸´Â źÇپȿ¡¼­ ±× ±âºÎ´Â ÃÖ ¾¾ÀÇ »çÀÍÀ» À§ÇÑ ³ú¹°À̾úÀ¸¸ç ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ±× ´ë°¡·Î ÀÌÀ± ¸¹Àº ƯÇã·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ëÅë·É »ç¸é±îÁöµµ ¹Þ¾Æ³½ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çÇß´Ù.

Jay Y. Lee, front row, fourth from right, the heir apparent to the Samsung empire, and other executives of chaebol, or conglomerates, at a parliamentary hearing last month. Credit Pool photo by Jeon Heon-Kyun
¾ÕÁÙ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡¼­ ³× ¹ø°¿¡ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ´Â »ï¼º Á¦±¹ÀÇ ¹ýÁ¤ ÃßÁ¤ »ó¼ÓÀÎ ÀÌÀç¿ë°ú Àç¹ú ȤÀº ´ë±â¾÷ÀÇ °æ¿µÀÚµéÀÌ Áö³­´Þ ±¹È¸ û¹®È¸¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Ms. Park has denied the charges. At an extraordinary parliamentary hearing, Mr. Lee and eight other chaebol leaders also denied receiving or seeking special treatment for the donations. But they appeared to acknowledge that the payments were not entirely voluntary.

¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÇøÀǸ¦ ºÎÀÎÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Àü·Ê ¾ø´Â ±¹È¸ û¹®È¸¿¡¼­, ÀÌÀç¿ë°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¿©´ü ¸íÀÇ Àç¹ú ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ±âºÎ±ÝÀÇ ´ë°¡·Î ¹«¾ð°¡¸¦ ¹Þ°Å³ª Ưº° ´ë¿ì¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀ» ºÎÀÎÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ±× ±âºÎ°¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ½Àº ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â µíÇß´Ù.

¡°It was difficult to go against the government¡¯s wishes,¡± testified Koo Bon-moo, the chairman of LG, the multinational electronics company.

´Ù±¹Àû ÀüÀÚ ±â¾÷ÀÎ LGÀÇ ±¸º»¸ð ȸÀåÀº ¡°Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µû¸£Áö ¾Ê±â¶õ ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù¡±¶ó°í Áõ¾ðÇß´Ù.

Mr. Lee called Samsung¡¯s contribution ¡°not voluntary¡± but ¡°inevitable.¡±

ÀÌ ¾¾´Â »ï¼ºÀÇ ±âºÎ°¡ ¡°ÀÚ¹ßÀû¡±Àº ¾Æ´Ï¾úÁö¸¸ ¡°¾î¿ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù¡± °í ¸»Çß´Ù.

A History of Favors

³ú¹° ´ë°¡ÀÇ ¿ª»ç

The meeting with Mr. Lee was one of eight that Ms. Park held with top chaebol executives in July 2015. Her lawyers have acknowledged that she asked for contributions to the two foundations in these meetings but deny that she promised any favors. Little is known about what else was discussed in these one-on-one sessions.

ÀÌÀç¿ë°úÀÇ µ¶´ë´Â ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ 2015³â 7¿ù ´ë±â¾÷ ÃѼöµé°ú °¡Áø ¿©´ü ¹øÀÇ ¸¸³² Áß Çϳª¿´´Ù. ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀδÜÀº ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ÀÌ ¸ðÀÓ¿¡¼­ µÎ Àç´ÜÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âºÎ¸¦ ¿äûÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇßÁö¸¸, ±×³à°¡ ±× ´ë°¡¸¦ ¾à¼ÓÇÑ »ç½ÇÀº ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÏ´ëÀÏ ¸é´ã¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀdzíµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.

The impeachment motion alleges that Ms. Park prepared for the meetings by asking her chief economic adviser, Ahn Chong-bum, for a memo outlining the issues that the chaebol needed help with.

źÇÙ¾ÈÀº ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ °æÁ¦¼ö¼®º¸Á°üÀÎ ¾ÈÁ¾¹ü¿¡°Ô Àç¹úµéÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ »çÇ×À» ¸Þ¸ð·Î Á¤¸®Ç϶ó°í Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â µîÀ¸·Î ±× ¸é´ãÀ» ÁغñÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

But there is no doubt the chaebol have benefited from government support for decades.

±×·¯³ª Áö³­ ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È Àç¹úÀÌ Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù´Â °Í¿¡´Â ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

Ms. Park¡¯s father, Park Chung-hee, the country¡¯s first military dictator, pioneered the economic model before his assassination in 1979. He showered a handful of businesses with favors such as tax benefits, cheap electricity, a buy-Korea policy and the suppression of organized labor.

Çѱ¹ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹ø° ±ººÎ µ¶ÀçÀÚ¿´´ø ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö ¹ÚÁ¤Èñ´Â 1979³â ¾Ï»ì´çÇϱâ Àü °æÁ¦ ¸ðµ¨À» °³Ã´Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ±â¾÷µé¿¡ ¼¼±Ý ÇýÅÃ, ½Ñ Àü±â·á, ¹ÙÀÌ ÄÚ¸®¾Æ µîÀÇ ±¹»êÇ° ¼±È£ Á¤Ã¥°ú ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ ¾ïÁ¦ µîÀÇ Æ¯Çý¸¦ º£Ç®¾ú´Ù.

These companies eventually grew into industrial conglomerates, fueling the export-driven growth that lifted South Korea out of postwar poverty and made it one of the world¡¯s most dynamic economies.

ÀÌµé ±â¾÷µéÀº °á±¹ »ê¾÷ Àç¹ú·Î ¼ºÀåÇß°í Á¾Àü ÈÄ Çѱ¹À» °¡³­¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª°Ô ÇÏ°í ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¿ªµ¿ÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦ ±¹°¡ Áß Çϳª·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁØ ¼öÃâ ÁÖµµÇü ¼ºÀåÀ» ºÎÃß°å´Ù.

Some of the firms, like Samsung, Hyundai and LG, are now global brands with publicly listed shares. But the founding families still dominate almost all the conglomerates, in part, critics say, because of lax enforcement of corporate governance and tax laws.

»ï¼º, Çö´ë ±×¸®°í ¿¤Áö °°Àº ¸î¸î ȸ»çµéÀº ÇöÀç °ø°³ ÁÖ½Ä »óÀåÀÇ ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ºê·£µåµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ⸳ÀÚ °¡Á·µéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ´ë±â¾÷µéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î´À Á¤µµ´Â ±â¾÷ °ü¸®¿Í ¼¼¹ýÀÌ ´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëµÈ Å¿À̶ó°í ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

In return for their support, Park and many of his successors as president expected the chaebol to contribute to government projects. And the chaebol did more than that, sometimes channeling money to the presidents¡¯ personal coffers or those of their relatives and associates.

±×·¯ÇÑ ÁöÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡·Î ¹ÚÁ¤Èñ¿Í ¸¹Àº ÈÄÀÓ ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀº Á¤ºÎ »ç¾÷¿¡ Àç¹úµéÀÌ ±â¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±â´ëÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í Àç¹úÀº ±× ÀÌ»óÀ» Çس°í, ¶§·Î ±× ÀÚ±ÝÀÌ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ °³ÀÎ ±Ý°í ¶Ç´Â ´ëÅë·É Ä£ÁöÀÇ ±Ý°í·Î µé¾î°¡µµ·Ï Çß´Ù.

South Koreans are increasingly skeptical of the chaebol and the economic model they represent. The country¡¯s largest shipping line, Hanjin, recently filed for bankruptcy. Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.

Çѱ¹ »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ Àç¹ú°ú ±×µéÀÌ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °æÁ¦ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ´ëÇØ È¸ÀÇÀûÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ÇØ¿î ȸ»ç ÇÑÁøÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù ÆÄ»êÀ» ½ÅûÇß´Ù. Çѱ¹ ±â¼ú·ÂÀÇ »ó¡ÀÎ »ï¼ºÀº ÃÖ±Ù °¶·°½Ã ³ëÆ® 7 ½º¸¶Æ®ÆùÀÇ Æø¹ß·Î ÀÎÇÑ È½¼ö·Î ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ±¼¿åÀ» °Þ¾ú´Ù.

The chaebol also face competition from China, which has begun producing many of the same goods, like petrochemicals, more cheaply. Some have angered the public by shifting manufacturing abroad even as their tentacle-like grip on the economy at home is blamed for squeezing start-ups and stifling innovation.

Àç¹úÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¼®À¯È­ÇÐ Á¦Ç°Ã³·³ µ¿Á¾ÀÇ Á¦Ç°À» ´õ¿í ½Ñ °ªÀ¸·Î »ý»êÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ Áß±¹°úÀÇ °æÀï¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ÀϺΠ±¹¹ÎÀº Àç¹ú ±â¾÷µéÀÌ º»±¹¿¡¼­ Ã˼ö °°Àº °æÁ¦ Àå¾ÇÀ¸·Î ½Å»ý ±â¾÷À» Áã¾îÂ¥°í Çõ½ÅÀ» ¾ï´©¸¥´Ù´Â ºñ³­À» »ç´Â °¡¿îµ¥ »ý»ê °øÀåÀ» ÇØ¿Ü·Î ¿Å±â´Â °Í¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇÑ´Ù.

Choi Soon-sil at a court hearing in Seoul in December. Prosecutors say she conspired with Ms. Park to force 53 companies to donate more than $69 million to two foundations under Ms. Choi¡¯s control. Credit Pool photo, via Reuters
12¿ù ¹ýÁ¤ ½É¸®¿¡ ³ª¿Â ÃÖ¼ø½Ç. °ËÂûÀº ±×³à°¡ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·É°ú °ø¸ðÇÏ¿© ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ °ü¸®ÇÏ´ø µÎ Àç´Ü¿¡ 6õ9¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯ ÀÌ»óÀ» ±âºÎÇϵµ·Ï 53°³ ±â¾÷¿¡ °­¿äÇß´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

Yet the conglomerates still enjoy some of the benefits that Park Chung-hee conferred on them more than four decades ago. They are taxed at lower effective rates than most companies or individuals, and receive more tax breaks. Businesses also pay lower electricity rates than individual consumers in South Korea.

±×·±µ¥µµ ´ë±â¾÷µéÀº ¹ÚÁ¤Èñ°¡ 40¿© ³â Àü¿¡ º£Ç¬ ¿©·¯ ÇýÅõéÀ» ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Áñ±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±â¾÷ ¶Ç´Â °³Àε鿡 ºñÇØ ³·Àº ½ÇÈ¿¼¼À²À» ³»°í ´õ ¸¹Àº °¨¼¼ ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ±â¾÷µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ °³ÀÎ ¼ÒºñÀڵ麸´Ù ´õ ³·Àº Àü±â¿ä±ÝÀ» ÁöºÒÇÑ´Ù.

The benefits of such policies, Professor You said, ¡°is a very different order of magnitude compared to the sums of money that were donated to the foundations.¡±

ÀÌ ±³¼ö´Â ÀÌ·± Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀº ¡°Àç´Ü¿¡ ±âºÎÇÑ µ·ÀÇ ¾×¼ö¿¡ ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¸Å¿ì Å« ±Ô¸ð¡±¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

¡°All decisions are made with the interests of the chaebol in mind,¡± he added of policy-making in recent decades. Politicians and the chaebol, he said, ¡°have been relying on each other to maintain their power.¡±

¡°¸ðµç °áÁ¤Àº Àç¹úÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ³»·ÁÁø´Ù¡±°í ±×´Â ÃÖ±Ù ¼ö½Ê ³â°£ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ °áÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ±×´Â Á¤Ä¡Àεé°ú Àç¹úÀÌ ¡°ÀڽŵéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¼­·Î ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù¡±°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

¡®The President Is Interested in This¡¯

¡®´ëÅë·É °ü½É »ç¾ÈÀÔ´Ï´Ù¡¯

Few South Koreans believe the chaebol are innocent victims in the unfolding case. But while Ms. Choi and Mr. Ahn, the president¡¯s economic adviser, have been arrested, the authorities have not taken action against executives at any of the businesses.

À̹ø¿¡ µå·¯³­ »ç°Ç¿¡¼­ Àç¹úÀÌ ¹«°íÇÑ Èñ»ýÀÚ¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â Çѱ¹¹ÎµéÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÃÖ ¾¾¿Í ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ °æÁ¦ º¸Á°üÀÎ ¾È¾¾°¡ ±¸¼ÓµÈ ¹Ý¸é ´ç±¹Àº ±â¾÷ÀÇ °æ¿µÁø¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Historically, the chaebol titans have not been immune from prosecution. On the contrary, several have been convicted of bribery, tax evasion and embezzlement — yet remained at the helm of their businesses.

¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î, °Å´ë Àç¹úµéÀÌ ±â¼ÒµÇ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾øÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á, ±×µé Áß ¸î¸îÀº ³ú¹°, Å»¼¼ ¹× Ⱦ·ÉÀ¸·Î À¯ÁË ÆÇ°áÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¹Ù ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±â¾÷À» Áö¹èÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

That is because they are often granted suspended sentences or presidential pardons. At least six of the nation¡¯s top 10 chaebol, which generate revenue equivalent to more than 80 percent of gross domestic product, are led by men with criminal records.

¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×µéÀº º¸Åë ÁýÇàÀ¯¿¹³ª ´ëÅë·É »ç¸éÀ¸·Î Ç®·Á³ª±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Çѱ¹ ±¹³»ÃÑ»ý»ê(GDP)ÀÇ 80% ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼öÀÔÀ» ¿Ã¸®´Â »óÀ§ 10´ë Àç¹ú Áß Àû¾îµµ 6°³ ±â¾÷ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± ¹üÁ˱â·ÏÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Since taking office in 2013, Ms. Park has granted two such pardons. Choi Tae-won, chairman of the SK Group, which spans chemicals, petroleum, telecommunications and semiconductors, received one in the summer of 2015. The other went this past summer to Lee Jae-hyun, the chairman of the CJ Group, which comprises businesses in foods, pharmaceuticals, entertainment and media.

2013³â ÃëÀÓÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀº µÎ Â÷·ÊÀÇ »ç¸éÀ» ³»·È´Ù. È­ÇÐ, ¼®À¯, Åë½Å, ¹ÝµµÃ¼ µîÀ» º¸À¯ÇÑ SK±×·ìÀÇ ÃÖÅ¿ø ȸÀåÀº 2015³â ¿©¸§¿¡ »ç¸éµÈ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ °ÇÀº Áö³­¿©¸§¿¡ ½ÄÇ°, Á¦¾à, ¿£ÅÍÅ×ÀθÕÆ®, ¹Ìµð¾î ºÐ¾ß·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø CJ±×·ìÀÇ ÀÌÀçÇö ȸÀå¿¡°Ô ºÎ¿©µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Both men had been imprisoned on corruption charges. Representatives of both men met with Ms. Park in 2015. And both the SK Group and the CJ Group made donations to Ms. Choi¡¯s foundations at the president¡¯s request, prosecutors said. The impeachment motion cites the pardons in accusing Ms. Park of selling favors.

µÎ »ç¶÷Àº ¸ðµÎ ºÎÆÐ ÇøÀÇ·Î Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾ú´Ù. µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÎÀÌ 2015³â¿¡ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» ¸¸³µ´Ù. ±×¸®°í SK±×·ì°ú CJ±×·ìÀº ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ¿äû¿¡ µû¶ó ÃÖ ¾¾ÀÇ Àç´Ü¿¡ ±âºÎ±ÝÀ» Àü´ÞÇß´Ù°í °ËÂûÀº ¸»Çß´Ù. źÇÙ¾ÈÀº ÀÌ »ç¸éÀ» ¿¹·Î µé¸ç ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æ¯Çý¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ °Å·¡Çß´Ù°í ºñ³­ÇÑ´Ù.

Lawmakers have also noted that the money for the foundations was collected through the Federation of Korean Industries, which lobbies on behalf of the chaebol.

±¹È¸ÀÇ¿øµéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Àç¹úÀ» À§ÇØ ·ÎºñÇÏ´Â ´ÜüÀÎ Àü°æ·ÃÀ» ÅëÇØ Àç´Ü ±âºÎ±ÝÀÌ ¸ð±ÝµÆ´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.

A special prosecutor is also examining the donation of $6.2 million by Samsung to support young equestrians, particularly Ms. Choi¡¯s daughter, Chung Yoo-ra, who trained in Germany using a thoroughbred purchased for $830,000.

Ưº°°Ë»ç´Â 83¸¸ ´Þ·¯¿¡ ±¸ÀÔÇÑ ¼øÁ¾¸»·Î µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼­ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´ø ÃÖ ¾¾ÀÇ µþ Á¤À¯¶ó¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¾î¸° ½Â¸¶¼±¼öµéÀ» Áö¿øÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ï¼ºÀÌ ±âºÎÇÑ 620¸¸ ´Þ·¯¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ Á¶»ç¸¦ ¹úÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Protesters in Seoul last month demanding Ms. Park¡¯s resignation. Credit Kim Hong-Ji/Reuters
Áö³­´Þ ¼­¿ï¿¡¼­ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ÅðÁøÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ½ÃÀ§ÀÚµé.

Ms. Chung, 20, has been living in hiding in Europe, ignoring repeated calls from South Korean investigators to return home to face criminal charges. Acting on a tip, the Danish police found her in the northern city of Aalborg and detained her Sunday evening.

Á¤ ¾¾(20¼¼)´Â Çü»ç°í¹ß¿¡ ÀÀÇϵµ·Ï ±Í±¹À» Á¾¿ëÇÏ´Â ±¹³» ¼ö»ç°üµéÀÇ °ÅµìµÈ ¿äûÀ» ¹«½ÃÇϸç À¯·´¿¡¼­ µµÇÇ»ýÈ°À» ÇØ¿Ô´Ù. µ§¸¶Å© ÇöÁö °æÂûÀº Á¦º¸¿¡ µû¶ó µ§¸¶Å©ÀÇ ºÏºÎµµ½Ã ¿Ãº¸¸£¿¡¼­ ÀÏ¿äÀÏ Àú³á Á¤ ¾¾¸¦ ã¾Æ üÆ÷Çß´Ù.

The prosecutor is investigating reports that Ms. Choi used funds donated by Samsung to buy a house and motel in Germany, as well as to cover her daughter¡¯s personal expenses, including accessories for her pet dogs.

°ËÂûÀº ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ »ï¼ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÞÀº ±âºÎ±ÝÀ» µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Áý°ú ¸ðÅÚ ±¸ÀÔ, ±×¸®°í ¾Ö¿Ï°ß ¾×¼¼¼­¸®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µþÀÇ °³Àΰæºñ ºÎ´ã¿¡ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù´Â º¸°í ³»¿ëµéÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Some of the payments made by the chaebol occurred while the government was weighing important decisions concerning the companies. For example, the SK Group and the retail conglomerate Lotte had lost valuable licenses to run duty-free shops in 2015 and lobbied to regain them last year. Lotte won back its license in December.

Àç¹úÀÌ ³»¾î³õÀº ±â±ÝÀÇ ÀϺδ Á¤ºÎ°¡ Àç¹ú±â¾÷µé¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ Áß¿äÇÑ °áÁ¤µé¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿ÍÁß¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë SK ±×·ì°ú ¼Ò¸Å ´ë±â¾÷ ·Ôµ¥´Â 2015³â, ¸é¼¼Á¡ ¿î¿µ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸é¼¼Á¡ ƯÇã±Ç Ãëµæ¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇß°í ÀçÃëµæÀ» À§ÇØ Áö³­ÇØ ·Îºñ¸¦ ¹ú¿´´Ù. 12¿ù ·Ôµ¥´Â ¸é¼¼Á¡ ¿î¿µ±Ç ÀçÃëµæ¿¡ ¼º°øÇß´Ù.

At the same time, Lotte¡¯s top executives were under investigation on tax evasion and embezzlement charges. In October, prosecutors indicted Lotte¡¯s chairman, Shin Dong-bin, but did not arrest him, allowing him to continue running the business empire.

°°Àº ½Ã±â¿¡ ·Ôµ¥ °íÀ§°£ºÎµéÀº Å»¼¼ ¹× Ⱦ·É ÇøÀÇ·Î Á¶»ç¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ÁßÀ̾ú´Ù. 10¿ù, °ËÂûÀº ½Åµ¿ºó ·Ôµ¥ ȸÀåÀ» ±â¼ÒÇßÀ¸³ª ±¸¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±â¾÷ÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿î¿µÀ» Çã¿ëÇß´Ù.

While Mr. Shin was under investigation, prosecutors say, Ms. Park and Mr. Ahn pressured Lotte into donating $6 million for a sports complex to be built and managed by a company founded by Ms. Choi. The money was later returned.

½Å ȸÀåÀÌ Á¶»ç¸¦ ¹Þ´Â µ¿¾È, ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ ¼¼¿î ȸ»ç°¡ ¼³¸³Çؼ­ °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â ½ºÆ÷Ã÷ Àç´Ü¿¡ 600¸¸ ´Þ·¯¸¦ ±âºÎÇϵµ·Ï ¹Ú ´ëÅë·É°ú ¾ÈÁ¾¹üÀÌ ·Ôµ¥¿¡ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ³Ö¾ú´Ù°í °ËÂûÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ µ·Àº ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹ÝȯµÆ´Ù.

Prosecutors say other chaebol, including Hyundai, directed millions of dollars¡¯ worth of contracts at Mr. Ahn¡¯s request to companies owned by Ms. Choi and her associates.

°ËÂûÀº Çö´ë¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ Àç¹úµéÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¾¹üÀÇ ¿äû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÃÖ ¾¾¿Í ÁöÀεéÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ È¸»çµé°ú ¼ö¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯ °¡Ä¡ÀÇ °è¾àÀ» ¸Î¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

The chaebol all wrote checks, prosecutors say, usually after Mr. Ahn uttered the magic words: ¡°The president is interested in this.¡±

°ËÂûÀº ¾È¾¾°¡ ¡°´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ °ü½É»çÇ×ÀÔ´Ï´Ù¡±¶ó´Â ¸¶¹ýÀÇ ¸»À» ´øÁö¸é Àç¹úµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ µ·À» ³Â´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.

¡°What we need is a great national cleanup,¡± said Moon Jae-in, an opposition leader who is the leading candidate to succeed Ms. Park. ¡°We must sternly punish politics-business collusion, a legacy of the dictatorial era, and take this as an opportunity to reform chaebol.¡±

¡°¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ±¹°¡ ´ëû¼Ò´Ù¡±¶ó°í ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ µÚ¸¦ ÀÌÀ» À¯·Â ´ë¼±ÁÖÀÚ ¹®ÀçÀÎ Àü ¾ß´ç´ëÇ¥°¡ ¸»Çß´Ù. ¡°¿ì¸®´Â µ¶Àç½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯¹°ÀÎ Á¤°æÀ¯ÂøÀ» ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô Ã³¹úÇÏ°í, À̸¦ Àç¹ú°³ÇõÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âȸ·Î ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡±

Concentrated Power

ÁýÁßµÈ ±Ç·Â

This is a recurring promise among presidential aspirants in South Korea. Almost every candidate in recent elections — including Ms. Park — has vowed to end government collusion with the chaebol. But the culture remains entrenched.

ÀÌ°ÍÀº Çѱ¹ ´ë¼±Èĺ¸µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ µÇÇ®À̵Ǵ °ø¾àÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ Ä¡·¯Áø ´ë¼±¿¡¼­ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç È帵éÀÌ Á¤ºÎ¿Í Àç¹úÀÇ °ø¸ð¸¦ ³¡³»°Ú´Ù°í ¾à¼ÓÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Á¤°æÀ¯ÂøÀÇ ¹®È­´Â °ß°íÇÏ°Ô ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.

The problem is exacerbated by how much power is concentrated in the presidency, relative to the legislature or to the judiciary. The president enjoys considerable influence over prosecutors, tax collectors and state security agents, whose careers are largely determined by political loyalty rather than merit.

¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÔ¹ýºÎ³ª »ç¹ýºÎ¿¡ ºñÇØ ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô ÁýÁߵǴÀ³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó ¹®Á¦´Â ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ­µÈ´Ù. Àڰݺ¸´Ù´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû Ã漺µµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ä¿¸®¾î°¡ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â °ËÂû, ±¹¼¼Ã» ¹× ±¹Á¤¿ø µî ±â°üµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ´ë´ÜÇÑ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÑ´Ù.

The presidential Blue House in Seoul, where Ms. Park met with top chaebol executives and asked for contributions to the two foundations. Credit Kim Hong-Ji/Reuters
¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ Àç¹úÀÇ ÃÖ°í °æ¿µÀÚµé°ú ¸¸³ª µÎ Àç´Ü¿¡ ÂùÁ¶ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸Çß´ø û¿Í´ë.

Some lawmakers are calling for constitutional revisions to shift some of the president¡¯s authority to the prime minister, or even to abolish the presidency and introduce a parliamentary government.

ÀϺΠ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿øµéÀº ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ±ÇÇÑ ÀϺθ¦ ±¹¹«ÃѸ®¿¡°Ô À̾çÇϰųª ¾Æ¿¹ ´ëÅë·ÉÁ÷À» ¾ø¾Ö°í ÀÇ¿ø³»°¢Á¦¸¦ µµÀÔÇÏ´Â Çå¹ý°³Á¤À» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Another problem is the news media, which can be hesitant to confront the government and the chaebol, who are major advertisers. The president effectively handpicks the heads of the two biggest television stations, and the government can revoke the licenses of cable news channels.

¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¾ð·Ð¸Åü·Î¼­ ±×µéÀº ÁÖ¿ä ±¤°íÁÖÀÎ Á¤ºÎ¿Í Àç¹ú¿¡ ¸Â¼­´Â ÀÏÀ» ²¨¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëÅë·ÉÀº °¡Àå Å« µÎ °³ÀÇ ¹æ¼Û±¹ »çÀåÀ» »ç½Ç»ó Á÷Á¢ »Ì°í Á¤ºÎ´Â ÄÉÀÌºí ´º½º ä³ÎÀÇ Çã°¡±ÇÀ» öȸÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Journalists who tried to investigate Ms. Choi suffered a vicious official backlash.

ÃÖ ¾¾¸¦ Ž»çº¸µµÇÏ·Á ÇÑ ¾ð·ÐÀεéÀº °ø½Ä ·çÆ® »óÀÇ ¾Ç¶öÇÑ ¹Ý¹ßÀ» °Þ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù.

As early as 2014, the Segye Ilbo newspaper reported on an intelligence document alleging influence-peddling by Ms. Choi¡¯s family. Ms. Park attacked the leak, and her office pressed the newspaper to fire its president, according to the impeachment motion.

2014³â ÃÊ¿¡ ¼¼°èÀϺ¸´Â ÃÖ¾¾ ÀÏ°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á÷±Ç³²¿ëÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â Á¤º¸±â°üÀÇ ¹®¼­¸¦ º¸µµÇß´Ù. źÇپȿ¡ µû¸£¸é ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ¹®¼­À¯Ãâ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ø°ÝÇß°í û¿Í´ë´Â »çÀåÀ» ÇØ°íÇ϶ó°í ¼¼°èÀϺ¸¿¡ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇß´Ù.

Instead of investigating the allegations in the document, prosecutors interrogated Segye journalists on possible defamation charges, and reporters at the newspaper said the tax authorities had begun investigating businesses owned by the paper¡¯s parent company.

¹®¼­¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÇøÀǵéÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ °ËÂûÀº ¸í¿¹ÈÑ¼Õ ÇøÀÇ·Î ¼¼°èÀϺ¸ ±âÀÚµéÀ» ½É¹®ÇßÀ¸¸ç ¼¼°èÀϺ¸ ±âÀÚµéÀº ¼¼°èÀϺ¸ÀÇ ¸ð±â¾÷ÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ±â¾÷µéÀ» ±¹¼¼Ã»ÀÌ Á¶»çÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

A police officer accused of leaking the document killed himself. ¡°Listen, journalists!¡± Lt. Choi Kyong-rak wrote in his suicide note. ¡°The people¡¯s right to know is what you live and exist for. Please do your job.¡±

¹®¼­À¯Ãâ ÇøÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´ø °æÂûÀº ÀÚ»ìÇß´Ù. ÃÖ°æ¶ô °æÀ§´Â À¯¼­¿¡ ¡°µé¾î¶ó. ¾ð·ÐÀεéÀÌ¿©! ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ¾Ë ±Ç¸®°¡ ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ »ì¾Æ°¡°í Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. Á¦¹ß º»¿¬ÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¶ó¡±°í ½è´Ù.

Given the authority of the presidency, relatives and close friends often operate as rainmakers. In the past, the presidents¡¯ siblings and sons, while holding no official titles, often wielded enormous power as ¡°junior presidents.¡±

´ëÅë·ÉÁ÷ÀÌ °¡Áø ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ´©¸®¸ç ģôµé°ú °¡±î¿î Ä£±¸µéÀº Á¾Á¾ ´É·ÂÀÚ·Î Ç༼ÇÑ´Ù. °ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ÀÚ¸Å, ȤÀº ÀڽĵéÀÌ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Á÷ÇÔµµ ¾øÀÌ ¡°¼ÒÅë·É¡±À¸·Î¼­ ¾öû³­ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Èֵθ¥ °æ¿ìµµ Á¾Á¾ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Ms. Park is unmarried, childless and estranged from her siblings, a status that she said would free her from nepotism and break the pattern. But she had Ms. Choi, whose family befriended her after the assassination of her mother in 1974.

¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀº °áÈ¥ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø°í ¾ÆÀ̵µ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ÇüÁ¦Àڸſ͵µ ¼Ò¿øÇؼ­ Á¤½ÇÀλç·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í À̸¦ ±ý ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ½º½º·Î ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹Ú ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô´Â ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1974³â ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ¸ðÄ£ÀÌ ¾Ï»ìµÈ ÈÄ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÃÖ¾¾ ÀÏ°¡¿Í °¡±î¿öÁ³´Ù.

Prosecutors did not aggressively investigate the allegations against Ms. Choi until after Ms. Park delivered her first televised apology in October, a day after a local cable channel reported that Ms. Choi had edited the president¡¯s speeches.

°ËÂûÀº Áö³­ 10¿ù ÇÑ ÄÉÀ̺í ä³ÎÀÌ ÃÖ ¾¾°¡ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ¿¬¼³¹®À» ¼öÁ¤Çß´Ù°í º¸µµÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ³¯ ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ÅÚ·¹ºñÀüÀ» ÅëÇØ Ã¹ ¹ø° »ç°ú¸¦ Çϱâ±îÁö ÃÖ ¾¾¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö»ç¿¡ Àû±ØÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

The story emboldened the press, prompting a flood of other damaging disclosures and then the huge street protests that eventually led prosecutors to conclude it was no longer politically tenable to do nothing.

±× º¸µµ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ºÒ¸®ÇÑ Æø·Î¼º º¸µµ¸¦ À̾îÁö°Ô Çß°í ÀÌ¾î ´ë±Ô¸ð °¡µÎ½ÃÀ§¸¦ ºÒ·¯¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ±Þ±â¾ß °ËÂûÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¼Õ ³õ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Cho Eung-cheon, a former prosecutor who is now an opposition lawmaker, said the authorities had moved too late.

Áö±ÝÀº ¾ß´ç ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿øÀÌ µÈ Á¶ÀÀõ Àü °Ë»ç´Â °ü°è ´ç±¹ÀÌ ³Ê¹« ´Ê°Ô ¿òÁ÷¿´´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.

¡°The prosecutors we see now,¡± he wrote on his Facebook page, ¡°are nothing more or less than a pack of hyenas attacking a crippled lion.¡±

Á¶ÀÀõ ÀÇ¿øÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÆäÀ̽ººÏ¿¡ ¡°Áö±Ý ¿ì¸®°¡ º¸´Â °ËÂûÀº ´ÙÃļ­ ¿î½ÅÀ» ¸ø ÇÏ´Â »çÀÚ¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ÇÏÀÌ¿¡³ªÀÇ ¹«¸®ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó°í ±ÛÀ» ¿Ã·È´Ù.

¡°A version of this article appears in print on January 3, 2017, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Why South Korea Is on Brink of Ousting Leader.¡±

ÀÌ ±â»ç´Â 2017³â 1¿ù 3ÀÏ Áö¸éÆÇ ´º¿åÆÇ 1¸é¿¡ ¡°Çѱ¹ÀÌ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» °ð ÃàÃâÇÏ°Ô µÉ ÀÌÀ¯¡±¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î ½Ç¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù.


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